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  • Why do drugs have side effects

    Why do medications have so many side effects?

  • Side Effects of Multiple Sclerosis Medications Everyday Health

    The immediate side effects of MS medications may be more apparent once you experience them. Immediate side effects, such as flu-like symptoms and chills, are easy to discern, says Green. Even the

  • 5 Potential Side Effects of Multiple Sclerosis Meds

    Editors note: Managing the side effects of medications to improve patient adherence and outcomes is an important component of treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis. It is important that healthcare providers be aware of the specific side effects of each type of medication and how to manage and when possible prevent these side effects.

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  • Side Effects of Medications for Multiple Sclerosis

    Complications from MS medications may be more severe than side effects. If you have side effects or complications, your doctor may switch from one long-term drug to another. Working closely with your doctor is the best way to manage side effects and prevent complications.

  • Side Effects of MS Treatment - Healthgrades

    Common medications used to treat multiple sclerosis include Copaxone, Gilenya and Tecfidera. MS can affect anyone; however, women are up to 3 times more likely to get it than men. The first symptoms generally happen between the ages of 20 and 40.

  • List of 65 Multiple Sclerosis Medications Compared - Drugs

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  • Medications National Multiple Sclerosis Society

    Medications are used in multiple sclerosis MS to modify the disease course, treat relapses also called attacks or exacerbations and manage symptoms. Along with the other essential components of comprehensive MS care, these medications help people manage their MS and enhance their comfort and quality of life.

  • MS Treatment Comparison Chart: Side Effects and More

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  • Multiple Sclerosis MS Drugs, Therapies and Treatments

    MS relapsesare caused by inflammation in the central nervous system that damages the myelin coating around nerve fibers. This damage slows or disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses and causes the symptoms of MS. Most relapses will gradually resolve without treatment.

  • The Effects of Multiple Sclerosis on Your Body

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  • Drug Side Effects Drugs

    For severe relapses involving loss of vision, severe weakness or poor balance, for example, which interfere with a persons mobility, safety or overall ability to function, most neurologists recommend treatment with corticosteroids.The most common treatment regimen is a three-to-five-day course of high-dose, intravenous corticosteroidsto reduce inflammation and end the relapse more quickly. This regimen may or may not be followed with a slow taper of oral prednisone. Corticosteroids are not believed to have any long-term benefit on the disease. Medication options include: A wide variety of medications are used to help manage the symptoms of MS. Below are common symptoms of MS and the medications used to treat those symptoms.

  • Symptoms or Side Effects Everyday Health

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  • Medications for MS: Dosage and side effects

    Itching, stomach problems, diarrhea. fingolimod, FTY720 Gilenya oral once daily. diarrhea, headaches, back pain. cladribine Mavenclad oral; taken over 4 to 5 days during 2 treatment week s per

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  • AUBAGIO teriflunomide Side Effects Relapsing MS Treatment

    Multiple sclerosis MS is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that leads to the degeneration of nerves in the brain and spinal cord. The immune or infection-fighting system in MS patients attacks the bodys own cells, causing progressive damage in the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of MS include vision problems, muscle weakness, trouble walking or speaking, numbness and tingling, problems related to bowel or bladder control, and others. Although MS was first identified over a century ago, a cure still remains to be found. Available therapies help improve patients overall quality of life and minimize long term disability by reducing inflammation, delaying the progression of the disease, reducing the frequency and severity of acute attacks, and improving walking speed. Physical, occupational, speech, and cognitive therapy also are used for improving function.

  • Medication for MS: Leading Drugs Compared

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  • Switching MS Medications: The Agonizing Decision

    Steroids are mainly used for treating acute episodes of MS. Steroids help to reduce the bodys autoimmune response. In doing so, steroids help to shorten the length of an attack, and rapidly reduce inflammation. Since their use is associated with significant long-term side effects, steroids are used only for short periods of time. Side effects of steroids include psychosis, bloating, insomnia sleeping problems, headache, bone loss, suppression of the immune system, moon rounded face, stomach ulcers, and increases in blood sugar. Disease modifying drugs DMDs can decrease the frequency and severity of acute attacks, delay the progression of MS, and slow down the progression of disease related disability and cognitive decline. DMDs are most effective when started early in the course of the disease. Extavia, a second formulation of interferon beta-1b, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS in August 2009. Importantly, Extavia is identical to Betaseron and therefore shares the same pharmacological benefits and risks for side effects. As with Betaseron, Extavia is administered via subcutaneous injection every other day. Copaxone is used for reducing the frequency of acute flare ups in patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis RRMS. Glatiramer acetate is a synthetic protein that modifies the immune reactions which may be responsible for MS, but its exact mechanism of action is unknown. Glatiramer acetate can now be administered via subcutaneous injection either once daily or 3 times per week. The new formulation 40 mgml approved in January 2014 has allowed greater patient convenience with administration three times per week compared to daily dosing with the original 20 mgml product. Glatiramer acetate comes in prefilled syringes which should be stored in the refrigerator but can be kept at room temperature for up to a week. In clinical trials glatiramer acetate reduced the frequency of relapses and damages to nerves in patients with RRMS. In one such trial, glatiramer acetate was compared to placebo for a period of 2 years using a randomized double blind study design. At 2 years, the relapse rate was significantly lower in the glatiramer treated group at 1.19 versus 1.68 for the placebo group. Furthermore, patients in the placebo group experienced increased disability at 41 versus 22 for the glatiramer group. Natalizumab is infused intravenously every 4 weeks. The most common side effects in MS include headache, stomach pain, joint pain, fatigue, depression, urinary tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection, pain in the extremities, diarrhea, and rash. Rare but serious side effects include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML, liver dysfunction, and potentially life-threatening infections such as meningitis and encephalitis. Natalizumab is classified as FDA pregnancy risk category C and should only be used in pregnancy if clearly needed. Natalizumab was approved by the FDA for the treatment of MS in November 2004. Besides being effective in treating MS, natalizumab is also used to treat moderate to severe Crohns disease. Lemtrada is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the CD52 antigen. The CD52 antigen is found on the surface of numerous cells in the body including white blood cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, and others. Alemtuzumab is used to treat relapsing forms of MS and is generally reserved for patients who have failed to adequately respond to two or more MS treatments. In the CARE-MS clinical trial, alemtuzumab proved to be more effective than interferon beta-1a in reducing the relapse rate in patients with relapsing-remitting MS RRMS. The annualized relapse rate was 0.18 for the alemtuzumab group versus 0.39 for the interferon beta-1a group. Similar findings were also demonstrated in the CARE-MS II study which evaluated adult patients with RRMS who had experienced at least one relapse while being treated with interferon beta-1a or glatiramer. At 2 years, alemtuzumab was superior in reducing relapse and the progression of disability. Alemtuzumab is administered by intravenous infusion at 12 mgday over 4 hours for two treatment courses. The first treatment course is given once daily for 5 consecutive days 60 mg total dose, followed by the second treatment course 12 months later for 3 consecutive days 36 mg total dose. Due to the significant risk of infusion reactions infusion reactions occurred in approximately 90 of patients, patients are premedicated with high dose corticosteroids 1000 mg of methylprednisolone or equivalent immediately prior to infusion and for the first 3 days of each treatment course. Additionally, patients must also receive prophylaxis for herpes and pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia PCP during treatment and for several weeks after. HIV-infected patients should not use alemtuzumab. The most common side effects of alemtuzumab treatment are rash, headache, fever, nausea, nasopharyngitis common cold, urinary tract infection, fatigue, insomnia difficulty sleeping, upper respiratory tract infection, herpes viral infection, urticaria hives, pruritus itching, thyroid gland disorders, fungal infection, arthralgia joint pain, pain in the extremity, back pain, diarrhea, sinusitis, oropharyngeal pain mouth pain or sore throat, paresthesia tingling, pricking, burning sensations in the skin, dizziness, stomach pain, flushing and vomiting. Due to the potential risk of causing harm to the fetus, alemtuzumab should be avoided in pregnancy if possible. Alemtuzumab was approved by the FDA in November 2014 for the treatment of RRMS. In addition to treating MS, alemtuzumab is also used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL, a type of blood cancer. Tecfidera is an oral medication used to treat relapsing forms of MS. The exact mechanism by which dimethyl fumarate provides therapeutic benefits in MS is not known but is appears to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Evidence of clinical effectiveness of dimethyl fumarate treatment was provided in the Efficacy and Safety Study of Oral Dimethyl Fumarate BG-12 with Active Reference in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis CONFIRM study that showed that dimethyl fumarate decreased the annualized relapse rate by 44 at twice daily dosing and 51 at three times daily dosing. Similarly, in the Determination of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral BG-12 in Relapsing-Remitting MS study, dimethyl fumarate decreased the annualized relapse rate by 47 with 240 mg twice daily dosing and 52 with 240 mg three times daily dosing. Treatment with dimethyl fumarate is usually started with 120 mg orally twice a day for 7 days followed by 240 mg twice daily thereafter. Dimethyl fumarate is available in 120 mg and 240 mg delayed release capsules which should not be crushed, chewed, or broken. Capsules may be taken with or without food; however taking with food may decrease the incidence of flushing. The most common side effects of treatment are flushing, stomach pain, diarrhea, and nausea. These side effects usually decrease over the first month of treatment. Other reported side effects include itching, a drop in white blood cell counts, increase in liver enzymes, and loss of protein in the urine. Due to the potential risk of causing harm to the fetus, dimethyl fumarate should be avoided in pregnancy if possible. Dimethyl fumarate was approved by the FDA in March 2013. Ampyra is used for improving walking in patients with MS. Benefits of dalfampridine in MS is demonstrated by an increase in walking speed. Although its mechanism of action in MS is not fully understood, dalfampridine is a potassium channel blocker. In animal studies, dalfampridine improved conduction of impulses in damaged nerves by blocking potassium channels. In clinical trials dalfampridine improved walking speed more than placebo. In one clinical study, 34.8 of dalfampridine treated patients experienced improved walking as compared with 8.3 of placebo recipients. In a separate study, 42.9 of dalfampridine recipients showed improved walking speed versus 9.3 for the placebo group. Dalfampridine is administered orally twice daily without regard to food. Dalfampridine is available in 10 mg tablets which must be swallowed whole. Patients with a history of seizures, or moderate or severe renal failure should not use dalfampridine. Common side effects of dalfampridine include urinary tract infection, insomnia difficulty sleeping, dizziness, headache, nausea, constipation, back pain, balance disorder, MS relapse, nasopharyngitis, heartburn, weakness, throat pain and burning, and tingling or itchiness of skin. Dalfampridine has not been adequately evaluated in pregnancy and is classified as FDA pregnancy risk category C. Due to the lack of conclusive safety data, Dalfampridine should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit justifies the potential harm to the fetus. Dalfampridine was approved by the FDA for MS treatment in January 2010.

  • Flomax Side Effects: The Good and Bad Update: September

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  • Medication for MS Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis

    Rebif is administered by subcutaneous injection three times weekly. Common side effects associated with Rebif are injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms, abdominal pain, depression, abnormal liver tests and abnormalities of the cells in the blood. Less common and transient side effects include thyroid dysfunction, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and neutralizing antibodies. Due to the risk of miscarriage or harm to fetus, Rebif should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit justifies the potential harm to the fetus. Rebif is classified FDA pregnancy risk category C. Also in a separate study, use of glatiramer acetate was associated with a significant reduction in the formation of new disease-related lesions in the brain on imaging. The most common side effects associated with glatiramer acetate are vasodilation, rash, shortness of breath, chest pain, and injection site reactions including pain, redness, itching, or lump. Some patients report flushing, chest tightness or pain, heart palpitations, anxiety, and trouble breathing after an injection of glatiramer acetate. These symptoms generally appear within minutes after an injection, last a few minutes, and then subside. One advantage of glatiramer acetate treatment is that it has somewhat of a milder side effect profile and does not produce flu-like symptoms, fatigue, or depression which is a significant concern with many of the currently available MS therapies including interferons and steroids. Due to risk of potential harm to the fetus, glatiramer acetate should be used in pregnancy only if clearly needed. Side effects of treatment include nausea, hair thinning, loss of menstrual periods, bladder infections, and mouth sores. Heart failure and drops in white blood cell or platelet counts may also occur. Low white blood cell counts may lead to infections while low platelets may cause bleeding. Mitoxantrone is dark blue in color and may turn the urine or the sclera of the eyes a blue-green color. Mitoxantrone was approved by the FDA to treat RRMS or secondary progressive MS in October 2000. Mitoxantrone is also approved to treat various types of cancers or tumors, and has been used medically since 1987. Mitoxantrone is classified as FDA pregnancy category D and should not be used during pregnancy as it may cause harm to the unborn fetus. Females who may become pregnant must be made aware of the risk and use appropriate forms of birth control contraception. Females who are of childbearing potential should have a pregnancy test prior to each dose of mitoxantrone.